Easy Guide To Writing A Killer 500 Word Essay

Easy Guide To Writing A Killer 500 Word Essay Each paragraph is about words, and it consists of 3-5 well-written sentences. If you are writing a story or personal anecdote, the formatting can be more like a novel than a news article. Learn to write the perfect 500 word essay with this step-by-step guide. Includes sample introduction, body, and conclusion paragraphs. My teacher mentioned an interesting one about basketball, and the entire essay was a metaphor for the writers view on life. phone restrictions in classrooms should also include specific disciplinary actions for breaking the rules. best solution is to create cell phone usage rules that allow devices to be accessible without disturbing other students’ educational opportunities. guments against cell phone control typically focus on safety concerns. No matter which side of the argument you choose, you should acknowledge the other angle and negate those statements. Get all your thoughts on paper, and you can extend or shorten the essay during the editing process. Give yourself at least two full days to write the essay. You can use the first day to write a draft and do some minor editing. This setup would give the students and the instructor peace of mind. Arguments against cell phone control typically focus on safety concerns. Should a crisis occurs in the classroom, students should have their phones on hand to make a call. If a student has a child, he or she may need a phone in case of a medical emergency. If the student is on call for work, he or she will need access to a phone. Vibrate settings may be permitted if the instructor does not believe it will distract him or her, since the noise of the vibration may not be noticeable in a large classroom. If a student needs to answer the phone during an emergency, he or she can step out of the classroom to do so. Hey, I think you are going to write your paper by your own but do you have best essay topics to select among them. If your answer is no, then you are required to check the various online forums so that you can get an idea of what topic you should select. Also, you can ask from online writers to get best topics. The list of exception-worthy scenarios is endless. The primary argument supporting cell phone control in the classroom is the fact that phones can be distracting. Not only do cell phones distract instructors, but they may also distract students trying to pay attention to the lecture. This is the same effect as a moviegoer looking at his phone in a theater. Even if the phone makes no noise, the light from the screen is enough to catch someone’s attention. It would be better if you can get computer science help from online writers as they can provide you the best writing samples and best possible solution to your query. Second thing is that they can support you later with your queries if you have. As you will see below, we remark on why some students may not want cell phone usage policies. We will also suggest how to get around those concerns. Doing this provides the best possible support for your thesis because it shows you have taken every angle into consideration. The format of a 500-word scholarship essay is similar to a shorter essay. Then on the second day, you can look at the essay with fresh eyes to do your final edits. Cell phone restrictions in classrooms should also include specific disciplinary actions for breaking the rules. If a student is caught using the phone in class, he or she should be excused for the rest of the day. Professors should refrain from physically taking possession of a student’s phone because of liability conflicts. If the phone is damaged while in the professor’s possession, the school or the instructor could be held responsible for the repairs. It is safer to ask the student to leave the classroom than it is to take the phone away completely. The best solution is to create cell phone usage rules that allow devices to be accessible without disturbing other students’ educational opportunities. Students should be permitted to keep their phones in their bags, pockets, or other belongings as long as the phones are on silent in class.

Teen Wrote His College Admission Essay On Burrito Bowls

Teen Wrote His College Admission Essay On Burrito Bowls Tell a story from your life, describing an experience that either demonstrates your character or helped to shape it. With a wealth of experience as a writer, journalist, and educator, Robert Schwartz has written for all four major television networks. In the feature film world he has written or rewritten screenplays for all of the major movie studios. Education is not preparation for life; education is life itself. Our mind is created to recall things in stories. You want to be memorable to the counselors who read your app. Sometimes, a sense of humor doesn’t hurt, if it’s applicable to your subject and/or that moment in your life. Your thesis should indicate where you’re going and what you’re trying to communicate from the outset. Feel free to tell us about a time you stumbled, and what happened next. Don’t be afraid to reveal yourself in your writing. Focus on one event, one activity, or one “most influential person.” Tackling too much tends to make your essay too watered down or disjointed. Especially if you’re recounting an event, take it beyond the chronological storytelling. “â€"ington, party of thirty, your tables are ready,” announced the hostess. Success Built to Last, by Jerry Porras, for its great pieces of life wisdom that encourage me to follow my passions in a way that serves the world and me. You want to make sure you've used proper spelling, grammar and punctuation, so ask an expert to proofread your essay. The point of this essay is to show who you are, not who you wish you were. Risk-taking is an interesting element of creative writing. Done well, it can lift your presentation from the mundane and safe to the provocative and insightful. Describe a time when you made a meaningful contribution to others in which the greater good was your focus. Discuss the challenges and rewards of making your contribution. A natural understanding of narrative structure â€" not the prefabricated “academic paper” structure â€" and a great story to tell. Don’t worry so much that other people may have “better” stories than you. Self-exploration can be fun, but don't procrastinate on the actual writing. You don't want to rush or be up against a tight deadline; it will affect your work. Formatting and presentation cannot replace substance, but they can certainly enhance the value of an already well-written essay. Tell us something different from what we’ll read on your list of extracurricular activities or transcript. Essays should have a thesis that is clear to you and to the reader. On Christmas 2010, the one person I was working hardest for disappeared from my life. Imagine this is the most important day of your life. My life is a series of intense fascinations, which I dive into headfirst. Everyone’s life is full of story, narrative, and it’s up to you to tell these stories in compelling ways. Begin thinking about answers to the common application questions and review the pre-writing techniques. Stick to what you know and your true personality will shine through. Don't use big words just for the sake of using big words. Remember, this essay is about you, so use words you normally use. Sometimes creating an outline for your essay can help you get started. It will also help you organize your thoughts and develop a framework.

Writing A College Essay

Writing A College Essay Like the phoenix I will continue to rise from the ashes, experienced and renewed. I will not waste time for my life is already in flux. From growing HeLa cells to trying to kill them with different compounds, I was able to gain the hands-on experience necessary for me to realize once again why I love science. This past summer, I had the privilege of participating in the University of Notre Dame’s Research Experience for Undergraduates program . 140,000 students rate everything from their professors to their campus social scene. How well do you understand the college admissions process? On this first day of senior year, I set out upon my task. I procure an ordinary plastic grocery bag from my backpack. The Sonora Eagles were my means for dealing with the death of my loved ones to cancer. I was never fully aware of how closely humans rely upon each other until I read The Fall of Freddy the Leaf by Leo Buscaglia in freshman year. Yet I've realized that life is fickler than I had imagined; it can disappear or change at any time. Several of my family members left this world in one last beating symphony; heart attacks seem to be a trend in my family. They left like birds; laughing one minute and in a better place the next. Using equipment that a high school student could only dream of using, I was able to map apoptosis versus necrosis in HeLa cells, a cervical cancer line, after treating them with curcumin-bound nanoparticles. Using flow cytometry to excite each individually suspended cell with a laser, the scattered light from the cells helped to determine which cells were living, had died from apoptosis or had died from necrosis. Using this collected data, it was possible to determine if the curcumin and/or the nanoparticles had played any significant role on the cervical cancer cells. Later, I was able to image cells in 4D through con-focal microscopy. The allegory is about a leaf that changes with the seasons, finally dying in the winter, realizing that his purpose was to help the tree thrive. After reading it, I was enlightened on the cycle of life and realized the tremendous impact my actions had on others. The exploration led me to the African Disease Prevention Project , a non-profit organization associated with several universities. I decided to create the first high school branch of the organization; I liked its unique way of approaching health and social issues. Rather than just raising money and channeling it through third parties, each branch “adopts” one village and travels there to provide for its basic needs. As branch president, I organize events from small stands at public gatherings to 60-person dinner fundraisers in order to raise both money and awareness. I’ve learned how to encourage my peers to meet deadlines, to work around 30 different schedules at once, and to give presentations convincing people why my organization is worth their donation. But overall, ADPP has taught me that small changes can have immense impacts. My branch has helped raise almost $3,000 to build water sanitation plants, construct medical clinics, and develop health education programs in the small village of Zwedru. The contents inside collectively represent everything about me in high school â€" they tell a story, one all about me. Each one of us leaves find a legacy as we for fill our purpose in life. I believe my purpose as a student is to encourage others to become active community members and motivate them to reach new heights. The difference between ADPP and most other organizations is its emphasis on the basics and making changes that last. Working towards those changes to solve real life problems is what excites me. So, I will forgive and forget, love and inspire, experience and satire, laugh and cry, accomplish and fail, live and die. This is how I want to live my life, with this optimistic attitude that every day is a second chance. All the time, we have the opportunity to renew our perspective on life, to correct our mistakes, and to simply move on. The Sonora Eagles were students of different grade levels, ethnicities, socioeconomic backgrounds, and educational ability. The most important moment occurred during the night’s luminaria ceremony, during which cancer patients of the past and present were commemorated. Our whole team gathered around, and I asked people to share how they have been affected by cancer.

11 Things Students Should Include In Their College Application Essay

11 Things Students Should Include In Their College Application Essay Meet Us Check out our virtual introductions to USC. These programs are designed to introduce you to our school, our application and admission process, financial aid, and campus life. For more than 200 years, UVM â€" a public ivy â€" has been educating students from across the U.S. and throughout the world, and preparing them for rewarding futures. From undergraduates, international and graduate students to medical, veterans and returning students â€" let our admissions process guide you on your academic journey. Whether you are unable to understand the essay requirements or your deadline is near, our convenient services can connect all the different dots together to construct an extraordinary college paper. After all, we are known for providing the cheap writing service in thr US and beyond. Combined with the pressure to get better grades, it is easy to fall under the trap of procrastination and fail to meet the deadline. Whether you want to submit your paper in a few hours or over the weekend, we’ll make sure you have a college essay in your hand before the deadline hits the clock. Do you sleep late because of your college essays and still get no results? We can help you out in crafting your essays which means just say goodbye to sleepless nights. Writing a college essay takes substantial efforts. We realize that you are taking an important step in your life-one that is exciting, yet challenging. Since you have many other things to consider as you prepare for college, we want to help make your financial aid experience as smooth as possible. Most students applying to RIT choose a specific major as part of the admission process. In addition, all colleges offer undeclared options, and the University Exploration program is available to applicants with interests in two or more colleges. In this recording of a virtual information session, admission counselor Sterling provides an introduction to Chapman and walks you through the application process. Additionally, current students answer participant questions. Empowered, they then make smarter selections of academic, extracurricular and summer experiences, explore majors and choose colleges with self-awareness. Due to uncertainty and disruptions in testing schedules caused by COVID-19, prospective first-year students may apply to USC for the Academic Year without submitting SAT or ACT scores. More information about this test optional policy and our application process can be found on ourwebpage. After all, an academic journey is not an easy ride. But thanks to our essay writing service, you won’t have to worry about your grades at all. We now require applicants to submit an admissions essay as part of our evaluation in determining fit with the University. All admissions team members are working remotely and while the office is closed to visitors, we are available during regular business hours of 8 am â€" 5 pm MST to respond to your messages. My holistic approach trains students to develop a personalized path which guarantees their success in the college admission process. By my side, students learn to refine their voice and subsequently improve their confidence, sense of direction, and purpose. The most difficult and stressful time for me was definitely the essay writing process, and I don’t know what my senior year would’ve been without the help of the entire staff. And now I can happily say that I will be attending UC Berkeley in the fall, and I attribute that feat to Advanced College Solution’s invaluable guidance and preparation these last 2 years. I hope that I can accurately represent how phenomenal your service is with my accomplishments, and that I could be a part of your Brag Board even if my graduation announcement is long overdue. We have a proven track record of meeting even the toughest of the deadlines without any hindrance. Writing requires creativity, plenty of writing skills, and not to forget substantial research ability. Admission to the Honors Program Given the variety of majors, admission requirements and entrance exam score ranges will vary from one major to another. Admission criteria to Florida Poly have become more rigorous. The writers here are highly qualified and I can tell that by the finance essay that they have written for me. I would definitely recommend them to all the students. Whether you want to impress your professors or improve your CGPA, our college essay writers will knock out all your problems.

College Essay Writing Service You Can Count On

College Essay Writing Service You Can Count On If you send more than the one supplemental essay suggested, there’s no guarantee they’ll read themâ€"unless they don’t think they have enough to go on. That said, if they don’t think they have enough to go on after 2 essays, you’ve got a bigger problem. Based on my experience, we read every essay at the institutions were I served. Typically, applications received two reads and a third if the decisions were split. The number of reads and the process for reviewing application essays vary from college to college. There are many different kinds of schools, however, so it would be impossible to know how each of them handles the essays which are submitted. I do know that some schools have a group of readers, each receiving one set of essays, with each individual essay being read by just one person. In other instances, each essay is distributed to several readers, who will then compare their impressions when the admissions committee meets to decide upon student admissions. In this instance, the essay would be read by several people. Again, the number of readers for each essay would depend upon individual institutional practices. Find the course that’s right for you at storytocollege.com/courses, or call us to talk to an expert at . So yes, they are read by all the admissions officers, particularly the ones who oversee your county and region. While College Board and ACT have made these components optional, a small number of colleges continue to require or recommend them. Students typically must finalize testing decisions well before they finalize their lists of where they will apply to college, so a significant majority of students still take the essay exams each year. Many colleges require letters of recommendation from teachers or other adults who know you well. Ask your references well in advance of the deadlines to write you a recommendation. Princeton has replaced the SAT or ACT essay requirement by deciding to require a graded essay from a high school class instead. You will also have to learn to bulk up the content of each paragraph. Many large schools don’t require essays at all because they don’t have the personnel resources to process the huge number of admission essays which would be submitted. Schools which require essays, however, use the essay input to form a more complete picture of the applicant, over and above the numbers, grades, lists, and so on, which are entered onto the application form. The essays may form the most deciding part of the application after the student has met basic application criteria â€" grades, standardized test scores, etc. Again, the number of readers for each essay would depend on individual institutional practices. Please join us for a school counselor breakfast and information session at a local hotel in your area. In which case, you need to find the other secondary main ideas and give them their own paragraphs. At Story To College we teach how to find their most honest and authentic stories and shape them into powerful essays that admissions officers will remember. We provide college application essay courses and admissions courses to help all our students achieve their best results. We are excited to host our first application essay courses in Atlanta this summer, starting May 29th. Duke provides “recommended” guidance and drops strong hints that the essay is still worth submitting in many cases. The list of holdouts, though, continues to decline. Claremont McKenna dropped the requirement as of November 2018, and Wellesley finally stopped asking for ACT Writing . Among the top 250, I know my colleagues review essays because some are moved to “check” authenticity or to contact the school source to verify veracity of the context as provided by the student. It is my understanding that if essays are required by an institution, they are actually read. I dislike giving rules or formulas to students when it comes to college writing because nearly every rule or formula has both weaknesses and exceptions. But a general guideline for the paragraphs in your college essays is that they should be about 1/3 to 1/2 of a page. Any longer, and chances are good that you have more than one main idea.

Formula For The Perfect College Essay

Formula For The Perfect College Essay This is why we recommend sitting down and coming up with a few different topics to consider. What questions do you have about writing college admissions essays? If you’re already in college, do you have any advice for current high schoolers? In other words, your college essay should give the reader a real sense of your unique personality, characteristics, and qualities. It can be hard to choose what to talk about in your college essays. In addition to this, the schools that you’re applying to may have different prompts â€" which could mean having to write multiple essays. When you apply to Babson, you’ll be required to submit two essaysâ€"a Personal Statement and a Writing Supplement. Some of the most frequent questions about the application process we get from students are about the essays. While you are always welcome to contact us with these questions, we provided some tips to get you started. Don’t bury the lead…College admissions reps read hundreds of college applications each year but they rarely come across an essay that really surprises them. So, to capture your reader’s attention from the opening sentence, start your story in the middle of the action, rather than writing in a linear fashion. Lots of counselors tell students to “tell a story only you can tell,” and I definitely agree with that. But sometimes students misinterpret this to mean â€" “tell me about a totally unique experience” â€" and they get totally stressed out because they don’t feel that they have any unique experiences. Telling a story “only you can tell” means that you tell the reader a story from your perspective. So you don’t need to have great exotic vacations or heartbreaking stories of community service in some far off land â€" you just need to reveal your point of view about a topic. A great college essay is one in which the student’s voice and though process comes through clearly. It should be consistent with the rest of the application and showcase an aspect of the student not highlighted in the rest of the application. It is also well written and grammatically correct. We haven’t all pulled babies from burning buildings or sailed around the world in a catamaran. Tell a story from your own life that shows something unique about you. Like great works of fiction, these essays clearly paint a picture in the reader’s mind. The main character is developed with depth and detail. Great essays are memorable because they distinctively portray their subjects without relying on clichés or formulaic topics. They convey on paper a sense of who the writer is as a person. After reading a great essay, I feel as if I have just had an enlivening conversation with the person even though it was entirely on paper. Choose a topic that recounts “that moment when”…The most impactful and memorable college essays focus on an ordinary topic that resulted in deep self-reflection and increased self-insight. In your own voice, tell a story that reveals a defining moment that helped to shape who you are today and influences who you’ll be tomorrow. Share your thoughts in the comments section below, or post about it in the College Info Geek Community. I hope that after reading this post you feel a bit more confident in your ability to write your college admissions essay. It may feel scary and impossible, but with right approach , you can write an essay that showcases your unique personality and impresses admissions officers. It’s impossible to write an article covering every possible essay prompt you could encounter in the college application process. To the college essay admissions process I bring skills honed as a television writer, a screenwriter, and a journalist. Entering my ninth year, I have worked with nearly 400 bright, motivated, and exceptional applicants who each year are accepted to T10 colleges and universities. I love what I do and am immeasurably proud of every applicant I work with and their results. A good college essay is one that stays with the reader after he or she finishes reading it, maybe even thinking about it later that day, or the next day. When possible, select a topic that engages you and is one you are interested in addressing. It is important that your voice comes through and that the reader feels he or she has had an opportunity to experience a more personal facet of your character and your unique perspective. Avoid cliches at all cost and never write what you think someone wants to hear. When you are finished with the essay, read it out loud and carefully listen to the content, grammar, and pay attention to spelling or word glitches. A great college essay gives the reader a glimpse of the person behind the page. When you can show the reader a slice of your genuine self â€" you are on your way to a great college essay. The uniqueness of an essay stems not from some external experience, but your internal responses. A great college essay combines creativity, excellent writing, and honesty. It’s important that your essay be a solid reflection of you as a person and as a student, and that you follow the guidelines provided in terms of topic and word-count. It is well-written with college bound vocabulary and style, but easy to read and somewhat unassuming.

What The #%@!& Should I Write About In My College Essay?

What The #%@!& Should I Write About In My College Essay? At heart, I am still reserved , but in finding my voice, I found a strength I could only dream of when I stood in silence so many years ago. Scanning the school club packet, I searched for my place. But then, I sat in on a debate team practice and was instantly hooked. I was captivated by how confidently the debaters spoke and how easily they commanded attention. I was sick of how confining my quiet nature had become. However, this strategy rapidly tired me out after beginning to climb. Clearly, this method wasn’t going to get the job done; I had to change my mindset. In discussions, I put forward my ideas with every bit as much conviction as my classmates. When seniors began to ask me for advice and teachers recruited me to teach underclassmen, I discovered not only that I had been heard, but that others wanted to listen. Now, when I approach a wall, I first draw the problem out in my mind, using my hands to examine the holds. Like a game of chess, I lay out an intricate plan of attack. If I am completely perplexed by a wall, I converse with other pro climbers to guide me towards the best route. Every time I interact with climbers better than myself, I learn a new technique and create new bonds. Being part of the rock climbing community has helped me develop my social skills. And when asked what to eat exclusively for the rest of my life, I will enthusiastically respond “potatoes! Day by day, I began to stand a little taller and talk a little louder both inside and outside of debate. In a few months, my blood no longer froze when I was called on in class. I don’t have an answer to what exactly it is I want to do for the rest of my life. I love English and political science, but I have yet to find such an all-encompassing response as potatoes. What I’ve realized though, is that I don’t have to sacrifice all for one. From each of my interests I learn things that contribute to who I am and shape how I see the world. And when I do have an answer, I will go forth with the knowledge I’ve gathered from each of my varied interests; and I will never stop learning. I found I could finally look other people in the eyes when I talked to them without feeling embarrassed. My posture straightened and I stopped fidgeting around strangers. For better or for worse, I decided to finally make my voice heard. I was born with a speech impediment that weakened my mouth muscles. I tried my best to blend in and give the impression I was silent by choice. I joined no clubs in primary school, instead preferring isolation. I began to voice my opinions as opposed to keeping my ideas to myself. As my debate rank increased from the triple to single-digits, so too did my standing at school. I began interacting with my teachers more and leading my peers in clubs. I get lost in the walls and climb for hours, as time becomes irrelevant. I think of nothing else but reaching the last hold and forget all of my worries. Even when my friends beg to go home from fatigue, I insist on attempting another route. I don’t feel I’ve had a sufficient climbing session until my forearms are pulsing and the skin on my fingertips are raw. At first, I was an impatient climber who would try and solve the wall before me, making split-second decisions.

Decoding The College Essay

Decoding The College Essay I’d create ideas like an AI highway system that tells drivers exactly when to switch lanes based on timing and calculus to prevent braking from nearby cars. Or I’d blueprint a new classroom with interactive desks, allowing students to dive deep into historical events like a VR game. I found outlining complex ideas like these sometimes provide insights into something I’m researching or could one day materialize into future projects. When I was 16, I lived with the Watkins family in Wichita, Kansas. See, many colleges will ask for similar questions or essay prompts to include with your application. If you’ve already written an essay that happens to fit with another college’s similar prompt, then it should take you no time at all to spruce it up and submit it. Admissions officers tell us they read every essay. In this guide, we'll cover what the standard college essay length is, how much word limits matter, and what to do if you aren't sure how long a specific essay should be. In the same way, you should end your college essay with something that not only summarizes the most important aspects of you but that is also memorable. How many people read each essay varies by institution with two being somewhat standard. Warn students not to write about high-minded topics or exotic locales simply to impress the reader. If you really can't find any length guidelines anywhere on the admissions website and you're at a loss, I advise calling the admissions office. They may not be able to give you an exact number (in fact, they probably won't), but they will probably at least be able to tell you how long most of the essays they see are. It will be anywhere from one reader to four readers. Most colleges hire readers during the application season. The number of reviewers reading the essays vary from school to school. Yes, every college essay is read if the college has asked for it . The number of readers depends on the college’s review process. You want the admissions reader to say, “Ah, this is a real person writing to me. The college essay has to grab the attention of an admission’s reader. It is imperative, then, that the introduction to the college essay capture the reader’s attention and make the reader want to read more. Memorable endings are poignant, making the reader feel an emotion. Or, they capture a several-line conclusion in one pithy, well-worded phrase or sentence. Or, maybe they end with a simple, clean truth written from the heart. Do not be just another of thousands of applicants that do not make an impression. If you are reading a newspaper article, the writer fades behind the facts and you know nothing about the writer except that s/he can collect, organize, and present the facts that you need to now. (And keep you from writing a panicked, 20-page dissertation about your relationship with your dog). So even though there's no word limit, they'd like somewhere in the 4-10 pages range. High school students are not usually writing papers that are longer than 10 pages anyways, so that isn't very limiting. Whether you're a terse writer or a loquacious one, we can advise you on college essay length. Some colleges will ask for different prompts, in which case you’ll just have to write another essay to submit. You want to make sure each essay you submitâ€"even if you’re reusing itâ€"is tailor-made for the college you’re applying to. That might mean just a few edits here and there, or it may mean overhauling your essay, or simply writing a new one. Yes it would save time, and can save time, but only under certain circumstances. While building a community at school rebuilt my confidence, I still found I enjoyed being alone at times. While driving in my car, I’d let my mind wander to movies like Big Hero Six and contemplate if a zero-friction bike really was possible.

Never Do These 10 Things In Your College Application Essays

Never Do These 10 Things In Your College Application Essays We look at your entire transcript - not just junior year. We do notice if your grades have improved over time. We do look closely at your math and science coursework. Considering the reduced opportunities to take standardized tests, many colleges â€" including highly selective ones â€" have announced that they will be “test-optional” or “test-flexible” for this year’s applicants. Schools set to use the test-optional model include Princeton University, Emerson College, and the University of Arizona, among many others. Present your story with Anil and his experienced team. Anil has authored and published several IT & SAT books on Amazon. Our structured and personalized process enables admissions and maximizes scholarships. Students will have the chance to work on all facts of their application and will be expected to draft a copy of their personal statement so that the counselors present can help them edit these statements. For more information on this site, please read our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Ad Choices. Scores are processed and added multiple times a week, so keep checking in if you can’t see yours yet. Viewing your scores online does not speed up reporting. MSU Denver provides flexible pathways to get your degree. Bienvenidos MSU Denver offers services to the Hispanic community unlike any other university in Colorado and is recognized as an HSI. The categories below will help walk you through the application process and answer questions you may have. SUNY Cortland acceptsthe Common Application and the SUNY Online Application. Choose just one way to apply; both require a $50 non-refundable application fee. AcceptU’s admissions experts have been highlighted by dozens of print and digital media outlets from around the world, from Boston to Beijing. From admissions counselor office hours to campus tours and more, we have created a variety of virtual opportunities. We are committed to providing you with the best possible resources and information, so be sure to check back as new resources become available. Please contact the server administrator at to inform them of the time this error occurred, and the actions you performed just before this error. The easiest, fastest and most secure way to apply is online. Your decision to apply to Clemson is the first step on your journey to becoming a Clemson Tiger and an important part of a great academic university. Explore Virtual Admissions ResourcesAs the situation continues to develop, we will post updates to our website atClemson.edu. For answers to admissions questions regarding COVID-19, please visit the Student Resources page. In addition, we invite you to connect with Clemson University admissions from the safety of your home by engaging with us online. virtual admissions prep a decade ago and now have the largest team of former admissions officers to help you in achieving your goals. Students meeting Kennesaw State’s GPA admissions standards who are applying to the summer or fall 2020 semesters will be able to do so without submitting SAT or ACT test scores. Submit your letters of recommendation through SUNY Campus Connect, Naviance or by mail. Mailed letters must be sent from your high school.

Never Do These 10 Things In Your College Application Essays

Never Do These 10 Things In Your College Application Essays We look at your entire transcript - not just junior year. We do notice if your grades have improved over time. We do look closely at your math and science coursework. Considering the reduced opportunities to take standardized tests, many colleges â€" including highly selective ones â€" have announced that they will be “test-optional” or “test-flexible” for this year’s applicants. Schools set to use the test-optional model include Princeton University, Emerson College, and the University of Arizona, among many others. Present your story with Anil and his experienced team. Anil has authored and published several IT & SAT books on Amazon. Our structured and personalized process enables admissions and maximizes scholarships. Students will have the chance to work on all facts of their application and will be expected to draft a copy of their personal statement so that the counselors present can help them edit these statements. For more information on this site, please read our Privacy Policy, Terms of Service, and Ad Choices. Scores are processed and added multiple times a week, so keep checking in if you can’t see yours yet. Viewing your scores online does not speed up reporting. MSU Denver provides flexible pathways to get your degree. Bienvenidos MSU Denver offers services to the Hispanic community unlike any other university in Colorado and is recognized as an HSI. The categories below will help walk you through the application process and answer questions you may have. SUNY Cortland acceptsthe Common Application and the SUNY Online Application. Choose just one way to apply; both require a $50 non-refundable application fee. AcceptU’s admissions experts have been highlighted by dozens of print and digital media outlets from around the world, from Boston to Beijing. From admissions counselor office hours to campus tours and more, we have created a variety of virtual opportunities. We are committed to providing you with the best possible resources and information, so be sure to check back as new resources become available. Please contact the server administrator at to inform them of the time this error occurred, and the actions you performed just before this error. The easiest, fastest and most secure way to apply is online. Your decision to apply to Clemson is the first step on your journey to becoming a Clemson Tiger and an important part of a great academic university. Explore Virtual Admissions ResourcesAs the situation continues to develop, we will post updates to our website atClemson.edu. For answers to admissions questions regarding COVID-19, please visit the Student Resources page. In addition, we invite you to connect with Clemson University admissions from the safety of your home by engaging with us online. virtual admissions prep a decade ago and now have the largest team of former admissions officers to help you in achieving your goals. Students meeting Kennesaw State’s GPA admissions standards who are applying to the summer or fall 2020 semesters will be able to do so without submitting SAT or ACT test scores. Submit your letters of recommendation through SUNY Campus Connect, Naviance or by mail. Mailed letters must be sent from your high school.

Things To Include In Your College Application Essay

Things To Include In Your College Application Essay The publication will remain free to readers and will not erect paywalls. Of course, make sure your essay is as free of errors as possible. Write “shitty” first drafts, but then go back and clean them up. Sharing stories is the best way to relate with the reader, since they will want to know what happened, how you felt , what you did about it and how it changed you. Free-writing is what it sounds like, writing freelyâ€"or “automatically.” Some people call it “stream of conscious” writing. Discover unusual topics, ideas and connections between events in your life. You may produce an essay or many, even against your will. You might start to really like writing and want to not stop doing it. Avoid using slang, scientific phrases, uncommon foreign phrases, other hard-to-decipher language and profanity. If you speak from the heart, it will show, and your essay will flow more easily. Choosing something you’ve experienced will also give you the vivid and specific details needed in your essay. Admissions committees are looking for an in-depth essay. For as long as I can remember, baking has been an integral part of my life. Thanks to busy parents and hungry siblings, I was encouraged to cook from a relatively young age. I feel like I should feel disturbed, but I’m not. I read the last page and close the book, staring out the window at the shining fish ponds and peaceful rice paddies. I feel like a speck of dust outside the train, floating, content and happy to be between destinations. Cover too many topics in your essay, and you’ll end up with a list. Narrow your focus so that all of the examples you include support your answer to the prompt. Content or stories that do not do this run the risk of distracting the reader and lessening the impact of your central theme. Concrete examples and active descriptions also “show” your story rather than just “telling” it. Chances are, the readers has experienced something similar and will “get” you. Mundane topics usually work best for this, rather than topics that try to impress the reader. I believe one of the best ways to do this is to start with an anecdote (real-life incident). A student celebrates his trek to the summit while mountaineering in Patagonia. Show that you care about what you did in high school. This is what happens when you cram too much into one essay. For example, the word “completed” has many good synonyms including “concluded” and “ended.” However, don’t use words that are super fancy either, just for the sake of using them. It’s best to write in your own voice and be conversational. On one area, however, Sklarow agreed with the essay coaches -- there is a great danger of all the problems with essay coaches taking place with parents and family friends. Try to be in a place where you will not be interrupted. Many a great piece of writing has begun behind a locked bathroom door. Pick a time you’ll stick to â€" maybe a on a commute, maybe first thing when you wake up, even if you think your brain is not really functioning . If you have to, you can even freewrite while you’re on the toilet . The $2,000 “No Essay” Scholarship is an easy scholarship with no essay required! The scholarship can be used to cover tuition, housing, books, or any education-related expenses. The monthly winner will be determined by random drawing and then contacted directly and announced in Niche's e-newsletter and on the Scholarship Winners page. You can apply once each month, with a new winner selected every month. Cabrini University is a Catholic, liberal-arts university dedicated to academic excellence, leadership development, and a commitment to social justice. Discover the schools, companies, and neighborhoods that are right for you. First, freewriting is cherished by almost all writers as one of the best ways to become unstuck and make discoveries, and also to force yourself to JUST WRITE SOMETHING. It doesn’t have to be good, like, at all. They say that the way to a man’s heart is through his stomach. It has been my experience that the way to ANYONE’S heart is through the stomach. The time that I spend in my kitchen, the effort and care that I pour into my confectionary creations, is a labor of love that brings me just as much satisfaction as it does my hungry friends and family.

How To Write An Attention

How To Write An Attention Some of you are passionate about politics or social issues, but this is NOT the place to explore those beliefs. You want your essay to appeal to a broad range of readers, so picking one side or another of a controversial issue is not a good idea. Dr. Shirag Shemmassian has carried a Tourette Syndrome diagnosis since he was 9 years old. Don’t share anything that doesn’t make you sound good, unless you absolutely have to and you can turn it around to show the positive. Demonstrate how you are compassionateâ€"don’t just tell readers you are. If you had a difficulty, don’t give the admissions committee a list of complaints. You can read diverse opinions from our Board of Contributors and other writers on the Opinion front page, on Twitter @USATOpinion and in our daily Opinion newsletter. Disclosing a disability can provide admissions committee members with the proper context in which to evaluate your student’s academic and personal achievements. For more ‘how to’ tips about the process of essay writing, see “Writing the College Essay”. However, he didn’t let his disability stop him from earning his Bachelor’s degree from Cornell University or graduating from UCLA’s top-ranked Clinical Psychology Ph.D. program. In fact, he wrote about his experiences living with Tourette Syndrome to gain admissions to these schools. Colleges aim to recruit a diverse student body, and disability is seen as one form of diversity. Looking back, he thinks he may have been rejected, at least in part, because his essay was so scattered. He went back to ScholarMatch, and this time he wrote about his family’s move from Panama, and the challenges he faced starting over in a new country where he didn’t speak the language. You can write conversationally, but the grammar and spelling still need to be correct. And don’t solely rely on your computer’s spell-checker. Leverage your native culture, traditions, and experiences. If you’re an international applicant, Native American, or otherwise non-traditional student, don’t try to “Americanize” or “mainstream” your application. The goal is to stand out and not appear to be like all the other applicants. Always think about what information you want colleges to know and use when evaluating your application. Do you notice how each of these opening lines raises more questions than it answers? They give you enough information to get a sense of what the essay will be about, but not enough to really understand what is going on. This is a great strategy because it grabs your reader’s attention and compels them to continue in order to find out what is going on and fill in the gaps in their understanding. These are the parts that make your essay come alive. The first paragraph is mostly summary â€" it tells the reader facts about who you are, things you’ve done, tendencies you have, etc. (e.g. I never saw myself as a cat person). To submit a letter, comment or column, check oursubmission guidelines. Some college traditions are no longer applicable in today’s society. Let’s come up with a new solution that allows all children fair access to academic institutions. And let’s keep the personal in the essay by not allowing third parties to ghostwrite our children’s future. They are often enigmatic, surprising, or even confusing. For example, check out these 10 opening lines from Stanford admission essays. Students are essentially paying a third party to ghost-write their story in an essay which is supposed to be a culmination of their skill set, not a professional’s. This may be acceptable for athletes and movie stars who pay for assistance with their memoirs, but should not be commonplace when competing for collegiate acceptance. This is the one caveat to the last sentence above.

How To Write An Attention

How To Write An Attention Some of you are passionate about politics or social issues, but this is NOT the place to explore those beliefs. You want your essay to appeal to a broad range of readers, so picking one side or another of a controversial issue is not a good idea. Dr. Shirag Shemmassian has carried a Tourette Syndrome diagnosis since he was 9 years old. Don’t share anything that doesn’t make you sound good, unless you absolutely have to and you can turn it around to show the positive. Demonstrate how you are compassionateâ€"don’t just tell readers you are. If you had a difficulty, don’t give the admissions committee a list of complaints. You can read diverse opinions from our Board of Contributors and other writers on the Opinion front page, on Twitter @USATOpinion and in our daily Opinion newsletter. Disclosing a disability can provide admissions committee members with the proper context in which to evaluate your student’s academic and personal achievements. For more ‘how to’ tips about the process of essay writing, see “Writing the College Essay”. However, he didn’t let his disability stop him from earning his Bachelor’s degree from Cornell University or graduating from UCLA’s top-ranked Clinical Psychology Ph.D. program. In fact, he wrote about his experiences living with Tourette Syndrome to gain admissions to these schools. Colleges aim to recruit a diverse student body, and disability is seen as one form of diversity. Looking back, he thinks he may have been rejected, at least in part, because his essay was so scattered. He went back to ScholarMatch, and this time he wrote about his family’s move from Panama, and the challenges he faced starting over in a new country where he didn’t speak the language. You can write conversationally, but the grammar and spelling still need to be correct. And don’t solely rely on your computer’s spell-checker. Leverage your native culture, traditions, and experiences. If you’re an international applicant, Native American, or otherwise non-traditional student, don’t try to “Americanize” or “mainstream” your application. The goal is to stand out and not appear to be like all the other applicants. Always think about what information you want colleges to know and use when evaluating your application. Do you notice how each of these opening lines raises more questions than it answers? They give you enough information to get a sense of what the essay will be about, but not enough to really understand what is going on. This is a great strategy because it grabs your reader’s attention and compels them to continue in order to find out what is going on and fill in the gaps in their understanding. These are the parts that make your essay come alive. The first paragraph is mostly summary â€" it tells the reader facts about who you are, things you’ve done, tendencies you have, etc. (e.g. I never saw myself as a cat person). To submit a letter, comment or column, check oursubmission guidelines. Some college traditions are no longer applicable in today’s society. Let’s come up with a new solution that allows all children fair access to academic institutions. And let’s keep the personal in the essay by not allowing third parties to ghostwrite our children’s future. They are often enigmatic, surprising, or even confusing. For example, check out these 10 opening lines from Stanford admission essays. Students are essentially paying a third party to ghost-write their story in an essay which is supposed to be a culmination of their skill set, not a professional’s. This may be acceptable for athletes and movie stars who pay for assistance with their memoirs, but should not be commonplace when competing for collegiate acceptance. This is the one caveat to the last sentence above.

Free College Essay Writing Help

Free College Essay Writing Help You may include an anecdote or an interesting story in your essay, but don’t make it too lengthy. Once the professor wants to see your viewpoint, focus on it and on the story itself. This means that you should include them to make your writing more interesting. This essay help service uses in-house servers to ensure your personal data never gets out to third parties or gets used for advertising or anything of the sort. We do not communicate with colleges unless it’s a college writer who wants to work on our service. Apart from writing services, we also do proofreading and editing. Send us your draft, and our writers will turn it into a proper academic essay with all the formatting and citation style requirements. Look over the writers’ ratings, success rating, and the feedback left by other students. Unlike many other US writing services, where there are only several writers who operate from home and no quality assurance, we run our business as true professionals. In our Los Angeles office, we have an outstanding team of writers, editors, customer support members, QA experts, HR managers, and other specialists to bring you the best essay writing services USA has to offer. Luckily, you don’t need to go through all that thanks to our American essay writing service. We are a US-based essay writing company, and we offer high-quality US writing services from American-based essay writers only. In addition to coaching college and graduate school applicants, Susan offers writing and editing services to professionals, corporations, screenwriters and authors. Luckily, that is not something you have to worry about when working with us, as we write every paper completely from scratch. High-quality paper writing services can’t be free, but we are working very hard to keep them affordable for our customers. We understand that a good essay help services cannot be a luxury, which is why you can always count on our cheap essay writing service USA to do a great job for you with the most reasonable rates. Writing a lab report requires not only plenty of your time, but also extensive knowledge of the subject. Create an outline indicating what you are going to include in your paper. Proceeding from the rules of essay writing, it would be helpful to create a schedule where you need to mention the stages of your writing. Rocio’s essay uses the tortilla-making story to introduce us to her sense of multiculturalism, an identity that is clearly important to her. If you don’t have either of those at the moment, our essay writers in USA will gladly help you with the assignment. By now, you have probably realized that our essay writing services are exactly what you need to succeed academically without spending sleepless nights at your desk and sacrificing your social life. But how exactly do you go from having an essay assignment you can’t complete on your own to receiving a professionally written essay? You will be delighted to know that ordering a custom paper from our writing service takes just four easy steps. In an ideal world, you would have the assignments ready at least a week before the deadline. However, the reality of being a student often makes you realize you have an assignment only a few days or even hours before it’s due. This is not a problem for our cheap essay writing service, as we can accommodate deadlines as urgent as 6 hours. There is nothing more damaging for your academic than submitting a paper with blatant plagiarism. When ordering from unreputable writing services, there is always a risk of getting a paper that was simply copied from other sources. There is no assignment complex enough or deadline close enough for us to refuse to complete your order. In fact, we love challenges and are convinced we can do the best job for you even when you are pressed for time or dealing with an unfamiliar topic. Whenever you don’t feel like you’ve got enough time or experience to complete an essay or another assignment, remember there is a team of writers out there who will do it all for you. Completing every written assignment on your own is one of the most challenging things you will encounter in your life as a student. You can try and do it, but your relationships, sleeping schedule, job, and even grades will suffer as a result. Here are a few answers to frequently asked questions. Submit it using the form below, and you will receive a reply promptly. We will review how to make global & local edits, how to give feedback, & how to use that feedback to improve your essay. Students will have a chance to conference with the tutor & get final suggestions from peers. Then, students will put the finishing touches on their final product. You should know how to deal with organizing your writing. That way you won’t have problems while writing your essay.

APA Research Papers

<h1>APA Research Papers</h1><p>The APA Research Papers Program is a worldwide exertion to assess crafted by researchers. It is a compelling technique for perceiving and remunerating those people who have made noteworthy commitments to the clinical and other academic network. The individuals who have finished the APA Research Papers Program need not really be distributed in a lofty journal.</p><p></p><p>To be qualified for APA Research Papers, the researcher must make some huge commitments to the distribution procedure. The person more likely than not distributed a bit of work in a companion looked into diary inside the most recent five years. They may likewise distribute in a high effect diary. Logical composing is the underlying period of this procedure and is looked into by senior APA analysts before it goes to print.</p><p></p><p>A researcher who has finished their essential degree can present a proposition for the creation of a theory or an exposition or an examination paper. Logical papers ought to be in any event 500 words and incorporate references. They ought to be elegantly composed and plainly defined.</p><p></p><p>A letter of prologue to the composition ought to incorporate the name of the essayist, the name of the distributer, the title of the original copy, number of pages, creation of the work, date of distribution, version of the composition, and so on. These letters of presentation are normally arranged for the creator by a manager or a partner editorial manager. Numerous distributers additionally request that creators give another creator or co-creator in the manuscript.</p><p></p><p>The last phase of the APA Research Papers Program is to audit the paper for incorporation in the diary. This procedure requires the essayist to present their name, affiliations, email address, and a letter of clarification. On the off chance that the or iginal copy is acknowledged, it will be distributed in the Journal of Clinical Oncology (JCO).</p><p></p><p>Most diaries, for example, JCO ask that the essayist give a changed variant of the composition. This amendment could happen if the analyst can't help contradicting a significant part of the paper. For the most part, the analyst doesn't require amendments until all material submitted for audit has been completely considered.</p><p></p><p>All materials must be in acceptable request and probably been altogether updated. This incorporates any photos, original copies or recommendations, and so on. An appropriately inspected original copy is essential for acknowledgment into the diary. Examination papers ought to mirror the nature of the writer.</p>

Introducing Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database

<h1> Introducing Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database </h1> <h2> Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database Secrets That No One Else Knows About </h2> <p>Also, I'll accept your table prefix is wp. It has a straightforward order that empowers you to advance your database. The table remains in the database for in reverse similarity and you can utilize the old hyperlink administrator UI utilizing this module. In the event that your uniquely designed table will contain site-explicit information, you should utilize prefix to ensure the table is made for each subsite on multisite. </p> <p>The most straightforward approach to make a modified post type in WordPress is with a module. As you as of now use numerous capacities in WordPress to speak with the database, there's a simple and secure intends to do this straightforwardly, utilizing the $wpdb class. It is conceivable to find in the previously mentioned screen capture that how a uniquely designed p ost type was enrolled in the wordpress. </p> <p>If you exploit a web search tool advertising module, the entirety of the meta label information created for posts are put away are put away inside this table. On the off chance that you might want to move presents from 1 creator on another, you could attempt it utilizing a straightforward SQL inquiry. For example, while making a post in WordPress, as a matter of course you may include a classification and various labels to it. As a matter of course WordPress incorporates post and pages as the significant substance types. </p> <p>If you're moving to another area, chances are that there are various connections in your posts, connecting to your past space. On the off chance that you appreciate the thought of bringing in cash from those utilizing search on your webpage, coordinating Google's inquiry usefulness in your site by methods for a module, for example, Custom Google Search is your solitary other option. One of irrefutably the most significant things was the r eason it might be required to utilize redid tables in WordPress. To begin making custom post types you should pick whether you will include them the current WordPress topic or you will make a module. </p> <h2> The Definitive Strategy to Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database </h2> <p>Since you may see, this isn't startling. Consider it a file organizer where you store information in different areas called tables. This seems, by all accounts, to be a perfect spot to watch that the database is present and redesign it if necessary. </p> <p>Aside from these astounding procedures, there are a wide range of capacities and factors to make your life less difficult. As opposed to including the genuine qualities where you generally would, you put in the sort of data, after which you include the genuine information as ensuing parameters. On the off chance that you indicate various parameters, at that point they'll be gotten together with AND rationale. In ca se you're not attached to static methodology, you're undoubtedly not going to like the following code a lot. </p> <p>If you click there you are going to see you could include an awesome little assist segment with parting into tabs. Clients can likewise make their own altered post types. Kindly don't stop for a second to offer your significant recommendations. The most obvious methods for doing this is, plainly, by posting key districts of your site in your essential route menus. </p> <h2> The Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database Game </h2> <p>Just erasing in mass at the same time those that are made by heads is less difficult than checking at each supplement. Since this usefulness is incorporated with WordPress, there is positively no compelling reason to open a particular database association (in which case, you'd copy code), and there isn't any need to do hacks like adjusting an outcome set after it's been questioned. Notwithstanding the way t hat the most loved determination of clients when it comes to working with databases is regularly phpMyAdmin, we'll focus on crude SQL questions, recalling that everybody probably won't be alright with phpMyAdmin (you experience an alternative in phpMyAdmin to run crude SQL inquiries as well!) For example, you would need to figure out how to make ordinary backups.</p> <p>The right approach to show custom post type information is by utilizing custom layouts for all of the redid post types. Make any uniquely crafted post type that it is conceivable to envision without composing any code. In the uniquely crafted post type segment, you first need to gracefully a name for your altered post type. Altered post types grant you to make your own kind of substance other than the default 5 post types. </p> <h2>Want to Know More About Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database? </h2> <p>Similarly you may include various components as well. Investigating the structu re of these tables, it is easy to comprehend where various segments of your site are put away. In the event that, for instance, you work a film survey site, at that point you would most likely need to make a film audits post type. </p> <h2>Definitions of Wp Custom Post Not Writing to Database </h2> <p>Even however the establishment of WordPress, and the increase of information needn't bother with any comprehension of the fundamental structure, you may wind up in a condition where some comprehension of the database is requested. The code utilized in this educational article should be used as a beginning stage, instead of a fitting and-play arrangement. In this section, we will stroll through the system of creating a customized table, notwithstanding a redesign routine for sure. WordPress use as substance the board procedure is developing quickly and it's not going to stop. </p>

Assess Your MBA Leadership Essay Samples

<h1>Assess Your MBA Leadership Essay Samples</h1><p>Your MBA Leadership Essay tests are fit to be utilized in your MBA courses and classes. These are the extraordinary, real, motivational, dependable and genuine methods of getting your understudies moving. You can likewise redo these showing modules into your organization to coordinate the necessities of your course.</p><p></p><p>The perfect administration educational program is a compact, clear, basic, and straightforward composition for an understudy to use in their MBA. It should give an away from of the points that understudies ought to examine. They ought to have the option to compose a decent story, delineate the course's objectives, break down the different features of an issue, and framework their own contemplations and convictions. This is the fundamental idea of the administration article tests that each MBA course should have.</p><p></p><p>There are such a s ignificant number of special authority paper tests and sorting out this material into a structure appropriate for you need is really simple. The significant thing is to comprehend the utilization of composing strategies that will make your composing style to accommodate your talks and classes. In the event that you plan your workshops, talks, and introductions to put forth the essential defense for your course, you are well en route to giving the best authority exercise to your students.</p><p></p><p>There are a few kinds of working out there that can give you extraordinary administration experience and this is the thing that you can begin with in the event that you are taking initiative exercises or classes. The accompanying article tests are ideal for kicking you off in your administration exercises. They are ideal for drawing in understudies, addressing questions, and getting your understudies to compose their own authority article that will make your inst ructing successful.</p><p></p><p>The first administration exposition tests is a paper that you can utilize when you have an a few section exercise plan. Your article can go as far as possible of the exercise, where it is the fundamental core interest. This will keep understudies locked in. This could either be the last part or the last segment of the lessons.</p><p></p><p>Another administration paper test would be utilized for a four-section exercise. You could utilize it as the third or the last exercise of the week. At the point when utilized in seven days, you would get your understudies roused to proceed. At the point when utilized in the last exercise, you could develop your understudies' self-assurance and resolve to continue.</p><p></p><p>There are other authority papers tests too for a progressively definite information about initiative. These can incorporate the five periods of initiative and the five p hases of administration. This will furnish you with an away from of how to deal with your time and furthermore the significance of collaboration for a fruitful initiative exercise.</p>

If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Research Paper Topics in General Surgery

<h1> If You Read Nothing Else Today, Read This Report on Research Paper Topics in General Surgery </h1> <p>The clarifications for why chess should be viewed as a game. Irrefutably the most savage sorts of sports which ought to be restricted. Game wagering should be precluded as betting. Pick between discussing sports for the most part or investigate some specific game of your determination. </p> <h2>Top Choices of Research Paper Topics in General Surgery </h2> <p>On the other side, you may compose from an overall viewpoint and look at economical urban communities around the globe. Give the crowd the information, expound on a couple of unmistakable stories from the social insurance practice that will surely be recalled and will empower them to comprehend your point. You can utilize them since they are or pick the course they are prompting. </p> <h2> The Importance of Research Paper Topics in General Surgery </h2> <p>The y won't give everything about should create an inside and out research article, however they're an incredible spot to begin your exploration. Before you begin composing a solitary expression of your paper, you first should comprehend what your proposition will be. Not all examination paper points are made equivalent, and you might want to guarantee you pick a superb theme before you begin composing. Remember, this is an exploration paper you're composing, and that implies you'll need to utilize a great deal of concentrating to come to your meaningful conclusions. Composing an exploration paper of any kind can be extremely an occupation. </p> <p>Below are the three most significant perspectives to consider to guarantee you select the absolute best research paper subjects. This would permit it to be simpler that you take an individual stand and create awesome contentions to introduce in your exploration paper. There are heaps of acceptable astounding diaries that routinely make fascinating and important distributions. A paper is constantly more straightforward to compose in case you're keen regarding the matter, and you will be increasingly persuaded to do top to bottom research and create a paper that really covers the full subject. Along these lines, you've understood that you're set up to create your examination paper. </p> <p>Researching any issue about government or laws can get overpowering as a result of the multifaceted design of the issues and even by virtue of the wording of certain laws. This is a brilliant strategy to pick up fascinating new practices or upgrade your insight into wide-going su bjects. Fortunately for us, there's no absence of such themes as a few issues raise conversation in the medicinal services inquire about network. Here are five subjects to have you begun. In any case, there are various disputable clinical subjects that sparkle conversation and contradicting sees you can find intriguing. </p> <h2>The Truth About Research Paper Topics in General Surgery </h2> <p>Some individuals today believe that they are powerful and figure terrible things can't transpire, yet they're clearly incorrect. In the event that you can't choose what things to expound on, you went to the right area. It is a lot of like venturing out on a brief siesta or visiting the shop. </p> <h2>Finding Research Paper Topics in General Surgery Online </h2> <p>It's simply astounding the measures individuals are all set to be delightful. She just takes after a multi year-old. Give me models African-American men are increasingly disposed to com mit time in jail in america than each other gathering. Discussion about the piece of the WTO in liberating the world exchange during the most recent ten decades. </p> <h2> What You Should Do to Find Out About Research Paper Topics in General Surgery Before You're Left Behind</h2> <p>They've been sorted out into ten classes and spread a wide determination of subjects so you may effortlessly find the perfect theme for you. It's likewise amazing to gracefully only a little foundation data to your partners in the occasion the point isn't as natural to them. To get a captivating subject you should design it already. Questionable research themes can be exceedingly valuable since they may start enthusiasm for related issues. </p> <h2> What You Should Do to Find Out About Research Paper Topics in General Surgery Before You're Left Behind </h2> <p>At each diary club meeting there is 1 moderator. At any rate you have to peruse the paper BEFORE y ou visit the gathering and think about a minumum of one inquiry or remark that would be captivating to raise to the gathering. The gathering will be significantly all the more fascinating to you in the event that you beforehand comprehend the paper introduced and can advance the gathering conversation. Lunch is provided for members. </p> <p>You may have issues which go from perpetual frightening to deadly passing. In case you're expounding on social issues, you will ordinarily be expounding on the manner in which the theme influences bigger gatherings of individuals, including how destitution influences an entire age. In any case, recall that social issues may likewise focus on littler gatherings, similar to a city or neighborhood.</p> <h2> Research Paper Topics in General Surgery - What Is It? </h2> <p>We ensure the standard of the last draft you get from our modest paper composing organization. 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The Lost Secret of Admission Essay Writing Service

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Greek Sub Culture

An Ethno musicological Analysis of the Music of a Greek Sub-Culture Rembetika is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. The aim of this dissertation will be to approach, explore, evaluate, and compare rembetika as cultural art expression and as heritage art expression. It will explore the roots of rembetika, the historical and political forces that influenced its development, and the changes that have transformed it into what it has become today. It will seek to address the question of how this Greek musical tradition managed to develop and survive on Turkish grounds. In addition, it will study the role that rembetika has played in Greek society, and explore what made this form such an important vehicle of expression for the people who lived during the years in which it flourished the most (the period after the Asia Minor Catastrophe).Finally, it will discuss the ethnomusicological aspects of rembetika by comparing it with the music of similar subcultures, such as fado,tango, and flamenco. Literature Review Researching rembetika has presented special challenges, as its acceptance into society is relatively recent. In addition, its existence as a legitimate subject of academic investigation is relatively new. The work of Gail Holst (later Holst-War haft) was tremendously helpful in researching rembetika, as her work spans a number of years. Her earlier writings are enthusiastic and passionate, although unfortunately much of the information she presented was not quite accurate, as the sources she relied on did not have the correct information to begin with. She discusses this in the preface to third edition Road to rembetika Her later writings, particularly the essayRebetika The Double-descended Deep Songs of Greece, are written in a much more scholarly fashion, and are carefully researched and documented. In general, her work was an invaluable resource. Elias Petropoulos book, Songs of the Greek Underworld: The Rebetika Tradition, was another helpful source. Petropoulos first-hand knowledge of the world of rembetika gives him an insiders perspective that is difficult to find in the literature that is available on this subject. As a source, however, it tends to be uneven, as the mythology of the rebates is intermingled with his notes on musical modes and lyrical style. In addition, some of the information is contradictory. For example, although Petropoulos asserts that the practitioners of rembetika were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Of course, over the course of doing this research, one is able to devise theories to explain this contradiction. As a marginalized people and members of a subculture, practitioners of rembetika were often vulnerable to authorities. This would certainly explain the fact that they spent a great deal of time in prison, since they would be persecuted for this and for their rebellious attitudes as well. In addition, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. Petropoulos also points out that lack of availability of rembetika records makes a thorough ethnomusicological analysis of rembetika as a musical form very difficult. He asserts that in order for there to be an initial compilation and transcription of songs, more resources would have to be made available. Petropoulos also states that as of 2000,there were no moves in this direction, although he points out that he has deposited all of his rembetika archives in the Gennadys Library in Athens. Recent journal publications on the social and cultural aspects of rembetika, though not as plentiful as those available on more mainstream musical cultures, are generally well-researched and carefully documented. The work of Sand, Ste ingress, and Tunis were all very insightful. There is every indication that this is a growing field of study that merits further research. 1. Introduction The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society, and this is true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstream of which they are a part. As this paper intends to demonstrate, rembetika reflects the subculture of the people who shaped and developed it. Although it has become part of the modern culture not just of Greece, but also of the diaspora and, as Tunis has suggested, the wider multicultural world traditional rembetika is not truly reflection of todays society. It reflects back on an early time. Thus, in a sociological cultural framework, though rembetika still exists, the rembetika we know today is a reflection of a marginalized group or subculture that no longer truly exists. Rembetika, as defined earlier, is the Greek urban song that emerged during the 20th century. It is closely identified with a Greek subculture that developed after the incident known as the Asia Minor Catastrophe an event that changed the course of Greek history and affected the lives of the millions of refugees and immigrants who were forced to leave their homeland. Section 2 of this paper, The History of Rembetika, discusses rembetika music by placing it in a historical framework This is accomplished by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the musical form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. Also addressed are current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika. The section concludes with discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. Section 3 analyses the components of rembetika music form itself: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. The lyrics of all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, express a pervasive sense of loss. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable and eventually popular, levels. In terms of music, the melodies of rembetika conform to the modal types of Greek folk music as well as Turkish folk music, with strong ties to Byzantine church music. In addition, as Petropoulos points out, they have been influenced by a number of other sources which were brought to Greece by the gypsies. Therefore, the music also shows traces of influence from Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, southern Russia, the Caucasus, Syria, Egypt, and India (Petropoulos, 2000: 75). In Section 4, rembetika is analysed within a sociocultural framework. First is a discussion of the social acceptance of rembetika as it has waxed and waned over the years. Following this is a look at rembetika within an ethnomusicological framework in which it is compared to the music of similar subcultures, such as flamenco and fade. The ways in which rembetika music reflects Greek society are not simpleton determine, given the complex nature of its history. How, then, does one attempt to analyse rembetika music in order to understand it in a cultural sociological framework? Ste ingress offers a framework for doing this. He bases his theories on years of research on ethnic music styles associated with subcultures, including rembetika, as well as tango and flamenco styles. Using the data amassed from these studies, he offers a set of criteria by which each of these musical styles can be assessed. He also points out that traditional modes of study do not work for these non-traditional cultural forms, asserting that ethnocentric, nationalist or essentialist approaches to ethnic music-styles afford little insight into the social and cultural significance of postmodern popular art'(Ste ingress, 1998: 151). 2.. History of Rembetika This section discusses the history of rembetika music, placing it in ahistorical framework by discussing the political and social atmosphere in which the art form developed, as well as the events which shaped and directed its future. It also addresses current theories of the derivation of the word rembetika, and presents a discussion of the language used to analyse rembetika. 2.1.1 The Asia Minor Catastrophe Discussing the tragedy of the Greek-Turkey conflict, Holst-Warhaftwrites: so symbolic of tragedy is the defeat of the Greek forces in Asia Minor and the fire that destroyed Christian Smyrna in 1922, that it is simply referred to as The Catastrophe (Holst-War haft, 1972:114). Indeed, The Catastrophe was an event that forever altered the character of the newly independent country. In order to truly understand rembetika, one must understand the events that affected its development. The Catastrophe is one of them. According to the treaty of Sevres, Greece was accorded the right to occupy Smyrna. Despite the obvious difficulties this presented, the Greek army forged ahead and tried to do this in 1919 with the support of its allies. The apparent goal was to gain a foothold in Asia Minor; however, there was more involved than obtaining land to the Greeks. It was also a symbol, for most Greeks, of the cherished dream of recovering some part of their former Byzantine glory (Holst-Warshaft,1972: 114). Though initially things went well, the Greeks decided to march inland in an attempt to take Ankara. During this period, the French backed out, and eventually the Greeks were left to fend for themselves. The Greek army was forced to flee, joined by the Greek population of Smyrna Greeks who were unaccustomed to living in Greece. Thousands were killed in The Catastrophe, and the city of Smyrna was burned to the ground by the Turks (Barrett. Holst-War shaft, 1972). The outcome of the Turku-Greek war resulted in an international conference in which it was decided that a compulsory exchange of populations between Greece and Turkey should be put into place. This exchange was based solely on religion. Actual nationality was not considered at all. Hence, people who were Orthodox were considered Greek, and people who were Muslim were considered Turkish (Holst, 1983: 25). The effects of the Asia Minor Catastrophe were devastating and far-reaching. The refugees who had fled from Asia Minor were now penniless; in addition, they had left without a chance to take any belongings, so they were in a desperate state. Although they came from far more cultured, affluent land, when they relocated in Greece they were forced to live in poverty as inferior individuals. The huge and sudden increase in population led to the growth of huge shantytowns on the outskirts of Piraeus and Athens. It also created for the first time, as Holst-War shaft writes a sizable proletarian audience for songs that dealt with themes of poverty, nostalgia, hashish smoking, and low life. The expulsion of Asia Minor Christians also became enshrined in Greek popular culture as a metaphor for loss and grief'(Holst-War haft, 1998: 115). The refugees were literally living on the edge of Greek society. According to Holst, it was not surprising that many of them joined there btes or manges in their loosely organised sub-culture, or were attracted to the hashish-smoking takes, to which they were accustomed in Turkey (Holst, 1983: 27). This passage from Barrett explains the plight of the refugees with poignancy: Imagine yourself as a refugee. In Asia Minor you may have had business, a nice home, money, friends, family. But in the slums of Athens all you had was whatever you could carry with you out of Turkey, and your shattered dreams. You went from being in the middle class toeing underground in a foreign country that did not particularly want you. Rembetika was the music of these outcasts. The lyrics reflected their surroundings, poverty, pain, drug addiction, police oppression, prison, unrequited love, betrayal and hashish. It was the Greek urban blues. (Barrett, 2005: nap.) As stated above, the refugees hailed from a far more cosmopolitan environment. This, naturally, included the musicians, who brought with them a sophisticated level of skill. According to Holst-War haft, the influx of refugees had an impact on the music, and there was a revival of the oriental, or what would come to be called Smyrna-style music. According to Emery, the effect of these forced migrations was to shatter the previously existing social and economic structures of Greece. Classes and hierarchies that had existed in the diaspora communities were turned topsy-turvy in the bedlam of flight and the ensuing struggle for survival (2000: 19). Furthermore, the refuges were plagued by unemployment, since the sudden population explosion made employment opportunities scarce. Finally, the issue of racism created yet another set of pressures for the newly transfixed refugees(Emery, 2000: 19). So the violent break-up of traditional social structures was accompanied by another violence, in the ways in which social spaces and living conditions were organized for the newly arrived migrants, writes Emery (2000: 19). Formerly productive members of a more sophisticated society, the refugees were now living in squalid conditions, suddenly impoverished and traumatised. Considering these conditions, the only options open to them for survival were prostitution and crime. If they sought their escape through hashish, it seems harsh to condemn. The fact they also sought escape through their music is something later generations can be thankful for. 2.1.2 The Language of Rembetika Holst addresses the issue of spelling in her Preface to the third edition of Road to Rembetika, noting that she is frequently asked why her transliteration of the Greek word is rembetika, instead of the frequently-used rebetika that tends to be favoured by foreign scholars and researchers. Explaining that phonetically, the English bis at best a close approximation of the Greek , she asserts that there is a strong case for transliterating both rembetika andzembekiko with an m. That is the spelling that is used in this paper, except when quoting the material of others who use different variations. In those cases, the spelling of the original document prevails. In his introduction to Petropoulos book, Emery offers a number of possible derivations for the word term rembetika, which is alternately spelled rembetiko, rebetiko and rebetika. Like all subculture musics, rebetika poses difficulties of classification writes Emery, noting that individual rebetologists each have their own explanations (2000: 16). It is his estimation that the most likely derivation is from the old Turkish word rebut, which means of the gutter. Other possibilities offered by Emery include the term rebetasker, which is what the Turks used to refer to irregular troops, or people who defied authority. The Serbian word reebok, or rebel, is another possible source, as is the Hebrew rab, which is the root word for rabbi (2000: 16). Holst concurs that there is no certainty about the beginnings of the word. She explains that it is not known where it comes from, or when it was first used. What is no longer in doubt, she asserts, is that the type of song usually termed rembetik o derives from or has its origins in an oral tradition where improvisation played an important part in both the music and the lyrics of the songs'(Holst, 1983: 2). Other words that are part of the language of rembetika include rebates(plural rebates; also rebates with the plural rebates). This word refers to the original practitioners of rembetika the men who actually lived the life and formed part of the sub-culture in which rembetika developed. The word mangas (plural manges) is close in definition; it also refers to members of the sub-culture, but they may or may not have been directly involved with rembetika. In addition, manges were generally part of the underworld (Holst, 1983: 1314). 2.1.3. The Figure of the Rebates Petropoulos asserts that you cannot talk about the rebetiko song without first talking about the rebates (2000: 42). Though often associated with the underworld, this classification is not fair, and it is often untrue. Petropoulos makes clear the distinction that members of the underworld are usually considered as acting outside the law, while rebates, for the most part, existed with it. Here is his colourful description of the rebates: the rebates was careful to safeguard his personal freedom. The rebates detested bourgeois ways, consequently he did not marry. The rebates was a fighter. The rebates smoked hashish. The rebates knew how to use a knife. The rebates spoke in slang (2000:43). Petropoulos goes into great detail about the rebates. As for physical appearance, the rebates was usually slender with no sign of a belly. His hair was often greased with brilliantine, and he would probably sport a single curl that would fall over his eyes. He would usually have a moustache, which would also be waxed. Use of body paint was common, as were tattoos. There was usually a specific tattoo on the back of one of his hands. He would walk with a lop-sided, rolling gait, his left shoulder raised, and moving only his right hand. The look would be heavy and vaguely threatening, the voice hoarse from much smoking of hashish (Petropoulos, 2000: 49). As for clothing, the rebates seem to have been very particular. Perhaps this was a way in which these displaced individuals, torn from their homes without possessions, were able to re-invent their identities in this strange new land. It may also have been a secret form of communication within the closed group. For example, they would wear black republican hat with a wide black band on days of mourning and also on days when enemies were to be killed. The rest of their outfit included a black jacket with ivory buttons that were never buttoned up, as well as a peculiar type of trousers. According to Petropoulos, the trouser-bottoms were so narrow that the rebates used to say that they needed a shoe horn to get them on, and had to soap their heels to get them off, although he does not offer an explanation for this (2000:51). The trouser legs were also turned up at the cuff. This was done to reveal a patch of red velvet that was sewn on the inside, precisely in the style of the kapadaides of Istanbul (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). This, again, suggests a sense of sartorial solidarity. Petropoulos also states that the rebates had a fondness for a certain type of yellow shirt and would also wear a red tie known as achasapikes, which resembled a bow tie. However, at the start of the twentieth century, they stopped wearing ties, considering them too bourgeois. They continued to wear a sort of cummerbund, however. This was called a sonar Although it seems that this item of clothing would also have been rejected as bourgeois, Petropoulos explains that, on the contrary, it was usually arranged with great care, since it was both a way of transmitting messages as well as a convenient hiding place for weapons. For example, one end of the sonar would hang down, and to tread on the trailing end of a toughs sonar was equivalent to laying down a challenge (Petropoulos, 2000: 51). The sonar was also, according to Petropoulos, the last remaining vestige of oriental influence on the rebates clothing. According to Petropoulos, the rebates would carry a range of weapons, although they preferred the silence of double-edged knives and stilettos (2000: 53). They also had standard ways of both humiliating their enemies and killing them. To humiliate an enemy, they would chase him down and slash his buttocks. If the intention was to kill, they would use a double-bladed knife to stab the victim in the stomach. According to legend, the rebates would then pull the knife out and lick the dripping blood. Alternate legends indicate that the rebates would either bend over the dead mans body and do one of two things: either bite of an ear, or suck out an eye (Petropoulos, 2000: 53). Their other weapon of choice was the cudgel: the rebates would dangle their cudgels ostentatiously from the left arm. Transferring the cudgel to the right hand indicated the threat of a beating to come'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). As might be expected, most of the fighting and killing took place in the evening hours. The format of the fight itself is described by Petropoulos as Homeric. The fight would inevitably begin with an outpouring of oaths, and it was considered unacceptable to kill someone without warning. In addition, the adversaries would wrap their jackets round their left arms, providing them with a kind of shield, somewhat like a medieval sword fight. . . No third party had the right to separate two feuding manges who ha drawn their knives'(Petropoulos, 2000: 54). Rebetes who were in prison had a very clear hierarchy. The leader was known as a tsirbashi: the tsirbashi who wanted to assert his authority would hold his knife high and force his fellow prisoners to pass beneath it. As a show of bravado, the mangas would use their knives to eat, shunning all forms of cutlery. In addition not unlike today anyone in prison who did not obey the tacit code might end up getting knifed himself. Although Petropoulos asserts that the rebates were basically law-abiding people, he spends a great deal of time talking about their prison hierarchies. He does this without explaining why these law-abiding people would spend so much time behind bars. Perhaps their existence as a marginalized people made them often vulnerable to authorities, and consequently, they spent a great deal of time imprison because of this persecution. Although this may be true, the excessive use of hashish, although not at the time illegal, may have been a factor that would contribute to this. At any rate, the lingo of prison figures prominently in many of the rembetika lyrics, and the lyrics are so closely associated with the actual lives of the rebates that the merging of myth and man seems inevitable. 3. The Essence of Rembetika This section analyses the components of rembetika: the lyrics, the music, and the dances. Although the three together comprise what is known as rembetika, by taking them apart for individual analysis, one is better able to understand the essence of the music form. 3.1.1 The Lyrics According to Petropoulos, some researchers labour to discover ideas in rembetiko song, and he is highly dismissive of this: the rebetes organized their life in their own particular way, and that is all there is to be said on the matter (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). He does present his own theories on the lyrics of rembetika music, however, and because he is so intimately familiar with the modes and style of rembetika, his insights may be considered rare and valuable. For starters, he breaks rembetika music lyrics down into a series of twenty categories, which are listed below: 1. Love songs 2. Songs of parting and separation 3. Melancholic and plaintive songs; songs of remonstrance 4. Songs of the underworld 5. Hashish-smokers songs 6. Prison songs 7. Songs about poverty 8. Songs about work and working-class life 9. Songs about TB and ill health 10. Songs about Charon and Hades 11. Songs about mothers 12. Songs about exile and foreign parts 13. Songs about dreams; orientalist songs; exotic songs 14. Tavern songs 15. Songs which sing of small sorrows 16. Satirical songs; songs which give advice about life; songs which threaten violence and retribution 17. Songs which are depictions drawn from life 18. Songs which sing the praises of various cities and their inhabitants 19. Songs of army life and war 20. Songs composed for specific individuals (Petropoulos, 2000: 69). Petropoulos also points out that many songs can easily fit under more than one of these categories, and sometimes several at a time. Of the categories above, Petropoulos states that approximately half of the recorded rembetika songs he knows of fall under two major categories. The first of these is love, including parting or separation. The other theme has to do with elements of the rebetic subculture, including the underworld, hashish, prison, tavern, and fights. The rebates never ventured to attack the established institutions of society, he asserts; the police remained the only real target for their aggression (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). As for the style, he explains that the songs were written in a simple style, with a fair smattering of argot (Petropoulos, 2000: 68). It is Petropoulos contention that since in Greece official folklore studies are considered the domain of academic professionals who lookdown on both rebetika and slang, it is highly unlikely that a thorough understanding of rebetika lyrics will not be available in an academic format. He also asserts that since many of the important rembetika practitioners have long since died, their memories and experiences are no longer available to be recorded (Petropoulos, 2000: 70). Because the rebates of this time lived in poverty and squalor, there are a large number of songs that deal with issues of poor health. Most of these, according to Petropoulos, focus on tuberculosis, which was responsible for taking many lives during this time. The high death rate among this subculture also led to quite a few songs about the afterlife, with images of Charon carrying off the dead and taking them down into the underworld, into Hades (Petropoulos, 2000: 71). There are also a considerable number of songs in praise of maternal figures, as well as an absence of songs about fathers. According to Petropoulos, the figure of the mother was very important to their betas, and if there was a hierarchy of women figures, the maternal figure would always be on top: where the mother appears simultaneously with the singers beloved, precedence always goes to the mother'(Petropoulos, 2000: 71). Here again, Petropoulos is dismissive of professional analysis of the lyrics: I shall avoid psychoanalytic clichs and say simply that we dont know the explanation for the rebates one-sided fixation on his mother (2000: 71). Underlying all the songs, from the love songs to those that praise the freedom of escape through hashish, is a pervasive sense of loss of this disenfranchised group. These are the authentic songs of rembetika these are not the lyrics that were written after rembetikas status had been elevated to respectable, and eventually popular, levels. According to Holst, As the lyrics of the rembetika songs and the descriptions of the rembetika musicians depict them, the manges were far from being the idealistic, daring young braves a number of modern Greek writers would have us believe. They were, however, an extremely interesting sub-culture, whose beliefs and habits remain in a rare state of preservation thanks to the words of the rembetika songs (1983: 45). 18. Lemonadhika Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. Thomas was caught, together with Elias. Hey, Thomas, dont go making a fuss, because youll come off worst, with a load of bother. Down in Lemonadhika, there was a fuss going on. They caught two pickpockets, and they acted innocent. They stuck them in handcuffs and took them off to prison, and if they dont find the loot theyll get beaten up. Mr. Policeman, dont beat us, because you know that this is our work, so dont come looking for a kick-back. We steal purses, we knock off wallets, so the prison gates get to see us pretty regularly. Death doesnt scare us, only hunger does, thats why we steal wallets and lead the good life. [By V. Papazoglou] (in Petropoulos, 2000: 141) This song was selected because its lyrics strongly suggest the attitude of the rebates of this time. According to Holst, much of the anger and defiance exhibited by the manges was directed towards the police. She explains that they do not actually protest the way they are treated, although it seems they often had the right to. Petropoulos concurs here, asserting that when the lyrics of the rebates seem to be in the form of protest, the focus is vague and non-directed (Petropoulos,2000: 70). It was not so much that they protest their ill-treatment, asserts Holst, stating that in fact they obviously feel some pride in having eaten wood (been beaten up) and served their time in jail; it is rather a refusal to change their way of life or to be submissive before the police, or to lose their sense of humour (1983: 45). The sense of futility and helplessness in the second verse, in the advice to Thomas: dont go making a fuss/because youll come off worst/with a load of bother. This is clearly the attitude of a segment of society that knows better than to challenge authority. They are aware of their low status in the social hierarchy and know better than to assert themselves in any way, for the consequences will be a load of bother. The lyrics of the fourth and fifth verses clearly indicate familiarity with what appears to be a corrupt police force. They know the routine: first their compatriots will be restrained with handcuffs, and then they will be further restrained locked away in prison. Furthermore, they know that if the police do not get their percentage of the stolen goods, that the perpetrators will receive, in addition to everything else, a beating. The progression of thought from verses five through seven is also interesting to note. In verse five, the alleged pickpockets demonstrate perceptive knowledge of criminal life: they know a beating is to follow, and they try to prevent it. In verse six, they admit that they are used to this routine: the prison gates get to see us/pretty regularly. By the final verse, they seem resigned and tough: Death doesnt scare us/only hunger does/thats why we steal wallets/and lead the good life. The last line is feisty and full of bravado, the kind of bravado that seems to have been the rebates defining trait. The Little Hanoumakia At Panayas on the beach, there was a little tek, And I went there every morning to drive away my blues. Two pretty little hanoumakia, stoned the poor things, I found them there one morning, sitting on the sand. Come close my dervish and sit near me And Ill pour out the blues from my heart. Take your baklama and entertain us for a while, And light up a joint and smoke with us. First light up my narghil, so I can smoke and turn on, And later, hanoumakia, Ill take my baklama. If you want to get high on the narghil with fine Turkish hashish, Its Uncle Yannis tek, down in Pasalimani. These lyrics contain words that, as Petropoulos stated above, need tube explained if one is to grasp the gist of the song. Holst explains that the word hanuman, as well as its diminutive form hanoumaki (pluralhanoumakia) is a word with different meanings in Turkish and in Greek.Considering the mixed backgrounds of the rebates, this means that itwas probably used and interpreted in different ways by differentsingers and listeners. In Turkish, the word basically means female orlady. However, in Greek, the lady in question takes on verydefinite characteristics. The Greek usage usually refers to a girl whowas found of hashish, often sharing a pipe with one or more of themanges, or members of the subculture who were also frequently members of the underworld. She would have been familiar with, and perhaps aregular patron, of the hashish dens. In addition, she may have been aprostitute, though that was not always the case (Holst, 1983: 87). As for the term dervish, it referred to a member of the hashishsub-culture. The word tek (plural tekthes), as noted earlier meantden where hashish was commonly smoked, while a narghil was the hashishpipe. Baklama would most probably be an alternate spelling for baglama,an instrument that was frequently used in rembetika music. Revival Lyrics According to Holst, as rembetika became more popular as well ascommercially successful, good musicians were inspired to write lyricsin the rembetika style. Unfortunately, this also led to monotony, asthe lyrics became duller through lack of immediate contact with alively sub-culture (Holst, 1983: 3). Soon composers began looking fornew lyric writers. By the 1950s and 1960s, even the more sophisticatedcomposers such as Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Hadjidakis had begun towrite in the rembetika style. As Holst points out, the songs theywrote may have been vastly different from the rembetika of the Piraeusunderworld, but they were unthinkable without it (1983: 3). 31.2. The Music Holst explains that the roots of rembetika are closely tied into thefolk music of Turkey. During the early development of rembetika, theTurks still occupied large sections of the land, and many Greeks livedin land that is now a part of Turkey. Therefore, the music itself reflects a strong Turkish influence.Because of the animosity that continues to exist between the Greeks andthe Turks, however, Greeks are often resistant about acknowledging theTurkish influence, and play it down as much as possible. When Greeksare asked about the connection, Holst asserts that most will respondthat the Turks got their music from the Byzantines in the first place.Perhaps there is some truth in this, writes Holst, but theinterdependence of Eastern-Greek, Western-Turkish music is obviouslyhigh (1983: 64). Nonetheless, Holst asserts, the musical terminology used in rembetikamusic shows clear Turkish influence, but this may be because Turkishfolk music is allied to the ancient Arabic classical tradition and hasan established terminology for such things as modal types and tunings'(1983: 64). Since the folk music of Greece lacks any formalterminology, and since Greek and Turkish musicians often borrowed fromeach other, it is likely that Turkish terminology simply wasassimilated by the Greeks. There is also the impact of the migrationand the population exchange that occurred after the Asia Minor Catastrophe. Since immediately after this, rembetika flourished as a musical form, the Turkish influence cannot be denied (Holst, 1983: 64). Holst also points out that the melodies of rembetika conform to themodal types of Greek folk music as well as Turkish folk music, withstrong ties to Byzantine church music. Petropoulos states that he wouldlike to believe that it was the great Ottoman music of the peoples ofAsia Minor that gave rebetika its highly individual rhythmic andmelodic colouring (2000: 75). He admits, however, that this colouringis influenced by a number of other sources which were brought to Greeceby the gypsies. Therefore, the music also shows traces of influencefrom Albania, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, southern Russia, the Caucasus,Syria, Egypt, and India (2000: 75). Petropoulos also points out that availability of rembetika recordsmakes a thorough ethnomusicological analysis of rembetika as a musical form very difficult. For these two stages of work (the initialcompilation and transcription of songs, and a comparativeethnomuiscological study) to be undertaken, a specialist institute ofrebetiko song would need to be established in Greece (2000: 74).Although rembetikas improved status in society may one day make thispossible, at the time of Petropoulos writing, there were no moves in this direction, although he points out that he has deposited all of hisrembetika archives in the Gennadys Library in Athens. 31.3. Rembetika: The Dances Holst describes her first experience of solo dancing to rembetika as unlike any dancing she had ever seen before: The music would begin, the rhythm insistent, the voice harsh andmetallic, and the dancer would rise as if compelled to make hisstatement. Eyes half-closed, in trance-like absorption, cigarettehanging from his lips, arms outstretched as if to keep his balance, hewould begin to slowly circle. As the dance progressed, the movementswould become more complex; there would be sudden feats of agility,swoops to the ground, leaps and twists, but the dancer seemed always tube feeling his way, searching for something, unsteady on his feet. Thedance took place in public, people were watching it, and yet itappeared to be a private, introspective experience for the dancer(Holst, 1983: 12). Holsts description is of the zeimbekiko, which is the primary dance of rembetika. There are various theories about the origin of the word, butthe consensus seems to be that it is Greek in origin, rather thanTurkish. Herodotus (c. 484c.424 BC) refers to the word bekos as doesthe Byzantine dictionary, to mean artos (bread), and the word Zei is aderivative of Zeus, the Olympian deity (Savrami, 1992: 57). The zeimbekiko dance is believed to have originated in Thrace. Thracianwarriors brought it to Asia Minor, and after the Asia Minor Catastrophe, it found its way back home to Greece. It has been mostcommonly associated with rembetika music, and in fact became the mainform of expression of the rebetiko movement in the period between thetwo world wars (Savrami, 1992: 57). However, zeimbekiko is clearly known to be a mans dance This is why,according to Sand, there are displays of unrestrained physicality andsexuality, including gyrations of the pelvis, which play a role in bothfolk and rebetika dances (1998: 132). For this reason, the dance may beacceptable for Greek men to perform, but it is taboo for women. One of the most striking features of the zeimbekiko is that it is asolitary dance. Furthermore, it is a dance without structure: there are no set movements. It is a mans dance, ritualistic in nature, allowingthe dancer to express his inner self, alone and for himself, as if in atrance. His manliness and virility are projected through the dance'(Savrami, 1992: 59). As Holsts initial impression suggests, it is alsoa dance of inward flight: The zeimbekiko is a solo dance which takes the dancer away. Itinvolves a transposition of the kinetic material. The movements arebased on whirling, rotating, with arms out-stretched like wings. Thedancer moves as if about to fly. He behaves as if having wings on hisback and is floating in the air, suspended between time and space(Savrami, 1992: 59). Petropoulos describes zeimbekiko as the king of dances. He alsodiscusses the energy and passion of the dance, and remarks thatanybody daring to interrupt a rebates dancing the zeibekiko might findhimself dicing with death (2000: 78). The counterpart of the zeimbekiko is the tsifte-teli. Tsifte-teli is aTurkish word, and its definition is literally two strings or doublestrings. This refers to the manner of playing the instrument withwhich rembetika is most commonly associated, the bouzouki, although itmay also refer to the ud (Sand, 1998: 127). However, despite itsoverwhelming popularity, tsifte-teli is problematic for many Greeks,along lines of identity, gender and the body (Sand, 1998: 127). It isalso interesting to note that tsifte-teli is the only rembetika dancein which a woman smiles: it is a frivolous dance in contrast to theseriousness of male dance (Sand, 1998: 131). Modern Greece has struggled to develop a cultural identity as anindependent entity. According to Sand, Kazantzakis aptly captured theidentity crisis of modern Greeks with the phrase double-descended'(Sand, 1998: 129). While no doubt overly simplistic, this schemapoints to the highly dualistic nature of Greek identity, and the searchfor authentic Greek culture which marks Greeces modern history'(Sand, 1998: 129). 4. Rembetika and Greek Culture This section analyzes rembetika within a sociocultural framework,discussing first the social acceptance of rembetika as it has waxed andwaned over the years, then exploring it in an ethnomusicologicalframework in which it is compared to the music of similar subcultures,such as flamenco and fade. 4.1.1. The Social Acceptance of Rembetika The social acceptance of rembetika has varied throughout the tumultuousyears of Greek history. According to Giannaris, rembetika had beenconsidered immoral since the late nineteenth century: to respectablepeople bouzouki music was hashish-bearing, and to the Greek chauvinistsit was considered Turkish, Oriental, and hence, non-Greek (Giannaris,1972: 125). Rembetika was, in fact, banned in 1936 during the Metaxas dictatorship. Musicians associated with rembetika in any way weretargeted and sometimes arrested by Greek authorities, and tekkedes(hash dens) were regularly raided. According to Emery, citizens caughtsinging rebetika (or indeed playing the bouzouki) were likely to betaken for dissolute hash-smokers and shipped off to internal exile'(Emery, 2000: 26-7). Censorship was re-imposed, according to Emery, in 1947, although thelaw was never really reinforced (Emery, 2000: 28). This may have hadsomething to do with a speech given at the Art Theatre in Athens in1949, in which composers Mikis Theodorakis and Manos Hadzidakis cameout in support of it. According to Theodorakis biographer Giannaris,Mikis was particularly incensed by the scorn for the rebetic, orcity-song, an outgrowth of the hashish joints. Why this scorn for thenative music of Greece? Why had the Athens Conservatory never takennote of this music? (Giannaris, 1972: 80). Because of his strongfeelings about what he felt was a central part of Greek culture,Theodorakis became more and more outspoken on the subject, becomingmore and more controversial as time went on. At the Art Theatre event, both Theodorakis and Hadzidakis defendedrembetika, claiming it as an integral part of the Greek musicalheritage (Emery, 2000: 28). After the composers gave their speeches,there was a performance in which rebetika singers Sotiria Bellou and Markos Vamvakaris both sang. The presentation of rebetika to asophisticated Athenian audience by a man respected as a seriouscomposer marked the beginning of the cultivation of rebetika by asignificant group of Greek artists and intellectuals (Holst-Warhaft,1998: 123). Petropoulos points out that in Greece, the very word rebetiko wasforbidden: I found it impossible to get a publisher for Rebetika Songsprecisely because of its title. In the 1970s, it was inadmissible tospeak of rebates and rebetika. For me, the price of my decision to goahead and publish the book myself was a five-month prison sentence'(Petropoulos, 2000: 42). According to Emery, rembetika was rediscovered shortly after theCivil War ended: it came out of its low-life backwaters and into nightclubs where rich people went. And at this point the character of the music changed. The bouzouki went electric, everything went electric,and the players began to perform for the upper bourgeoisie. Rembetikabecame a fashion (Emery, 2000: 28). Thus, it appears that rembetikawas being transformed: once associated with social groups on the veryfringe of society, it was now filtering into the mainstream. Intellectuals began to defend the songs of rembetika, seeing them as aform of self-expression from the downtrodden proletariat. They embracedcauses such themes as the oppression of the working class, theprevalence of drug use and addiction, and the tragically high number oftuberculosis deaths. As Holst-War haft points out, if rebetika could besaid to have crystallized as a pan-Hellenic form of popular music in the 1930s, it is only in the post-war period that it was discovered byintellectuals and began to slowly make its way into popular culture'(Holst-War haft, 1998: 121). Rembetikas ascent into respectability was the cause of considerablecontroversy, however. There were members of society who would neveraccept this music that was tinged with so many of the negative elementsthat were associated with the subculture. The status of rembetikabecame an even more divisive issue after Theodorakis came out withEpitaphios. This was a group of poems that had been written by thepoet Yiannis Ritsos. Ritsos, though considered left-wing, was not of the working class and was therefore accorded a higher standing insociety. The cycle of poems known as Epitaphios were written about anunfortunate incident that had taken place in Thessaloniki in May of1936: the massacre of unarmed tobacco factory workers who had beenprotesting unfair wages. Theodorakis set the poems to music music thatwas performed by rembetika musicians, and in so doing he createdoutrage in the Greek community (Holst-War haft, 1998: 1245). No other composition in the history of Modern Greek music has arousedsuch controversy, asserts Holst-War haft. However, in her view, theoutrage was not over the content of the poems, or over Theodorakisspolitical associations. Rather, what caused the furor overEpitaphios was Theodorakiss decision to use a rebetika singer and abouzouki to perform songs that were settings of a high-brow poet, inother words, to combine the low-brow and disreputable rebetika with anintellectual if Marxist poet (Holst-War haft, 1998: 1245). According to Giannaris, however, the furor was due to a number offactors. First, there was the fact that the poet Ritsos was a leftist,and that the subject matter was an unpleasant memory. In addition, thechoice of singer was controversial, since Bithikotsis was a plumber byday and a bouzouki player by night. Finally, there was the choice ofinstrument: no serious composer should waste his talent with thebouzouki, or debase good poetry by wedding it to such music'(Giannaris, 1972: 118). Giannaris also points out that Theodorakissactions offended several segments of society: Mikis daring step tobreak down the demotic, fifteen-syllable meter of Ritsos poetry, andset it to the 7/8 or 4/8 of the rebetic rhythms, angered the literaryscholars and the musical aesthetes (118). The popularity of Kazantzakis Zorba the Greek has done much topopularize rembetika, and in so doing has encouraged the public to bemore accepting. Describing the passionate dance scene in Zorba the Greek, Holst-War haft writes: It may be a romantic and distorted visionof what the working-class rebates . . . offered the Greekintellectuals, but it may have something to do with why the rebetikasongs have been so enthusiastically revived since the 1960s. It mayalso be what attracted foreign scholars to the genre (Holst-Warhaft,1998: 111). 41.2 Rembetika: A Cultural Sociological Framework The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society; thisis true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstreamof which they are a part. The ways in which rembetika music reflectsGreek society are not simple to determine, given the complex nature ofits history. How, then, does one attempt to analyse rembetika music inorder to understand it in a cultural sociological framework? Ste ingress offers a framework for doing this. He bases his theories on years of research on ethnic music styles associated with subcultures, including rembetika, as well as tango and flamenco styles. Using the data amassed from these studies, he offers a set of criteria by which each of these musical styles can be assessed. He also points out that traditional modes of study do not work for these non-traditional cultural forms, asserting that ethnocentric, nationalist or essentialist approaches to ethnic music-styles afford little insight into the social and cultural significance of postmodern popular art'(Ste ingress, 1998: 151). According to Ste ingress, trends in comparative cultural sociology havebegun to shift towards a new investigative approach when it comes tomusical styles like rembetika. Rather than isolating the subculture onwhich rembetika is based, this approach focuses on viewing thesubculture within a larger sociological framework. This perspective is based on the belief that cultural differences haveto be considered less a consequence of isolation than of mutualrelations of different social and ethnic groups, or culturesthemselves (Ste ingress, 1998: 151). However, he points out that a needremains for a comparative and/or cross-cultural study that mightexplain regional musical styles in a broader and more systematic way'(1998: 154). Ste ingress also asserts that ethnic musical styles are oftenromanticized and manipulated in the attempt to analyse or define themwithin an intercultural framework. (1998: 160). Holst-War haft alsonotes this in her discussion of the increasing popularity that comes asa result of the commercialization of rembetika music. She comparesrembetika, as Ste ingress does, to similar styles of popular,commercially successful music, including tango, fade, blues, andflamenco. Her conclusion closely echoes that of Ste ingress: Howevermuch they are, or once were, the expression of a marginalized group,they are listened to, exploited and analyzed by people who are not partof that group (Holst-War haft, 1998: 112). Furthermore, Holst-War haft asserts that although the initialidentification may have been of the disenfranchised, that this is nolonger true, as it is later it is packaged and sold to a broaderaudience (1998: 112). Both Holst-War haft and Ste ingress discuss thesemusical cultures as needing to cling to a sense of nostalgia. As Steingress asserts, this ambiguous affinity not only to modern urbanculture but also to nostalgic traditionalism that turned these musics into vehicles of identity construction in a supposed chaotic social environment (Ste ingress, 1998: 160). The criteria that Ste ingress puts forth include a set of common socialconditions and socio-cultural determinants within each of three musicalstyles, including flamenco, tango, and rembetika. These criteria willbe summarized with respect to rembetika below. First, Ste ingress asserts that in all three of the musical styles he has studied, there is clearly the existence of a marginalized socialgroup. These groups consist of outcasts and outsiders, or generally ofpeople who refuse to conform to the rules and regulations of theestablished social and political order. In the world of rembetika,these marginalized group members are referred to as tsiftes and rebates(Ste ingress, 1998: 161). All three groups are urban or suburban in origin. They all consist ofindividuals who are considered outsiders and/or immigrants. The members of the groups first appeared in city environments, either within thecity or on the outskirts, and generally had certain gather places wherethey would meet. In the case of rembetika, these places would includeprisons, brothels, taverns, cafes, and hashish-shops such as theCafAmn and tekkdes (Ste ingress, 1998: 161). Next, each of these groups had a mode of self-expression that wasunique to that group. This self-expression was generally a type ofmusic or dance that was marked by extreme passion. The themes expressedincluded a wide range of emotions. At one extreme, the emotionsincluded grieving, pain, sorrow, loneliness, and death. At the otherextreme, sensual and sexual pleasures would be included. There was adefinite level of eroticism in the dances of these groups. Inrembetika, this would be reflected in the tsifte-teli and zeibekikoRembetika also shares with flamenco a strong attraction to the image of the female Gypsy, who was viewed as both deeply erotic as well astauntingly sinful (Ste ingress, 1998: 161). Other characteristics shared by the three groups include pronouncedmale chauvinism, which Ste ingress describes a reflex of the generalcultural attitude of the social environment (1998: 161). There is alsoa strong use of slang in songs and in the vocabulary in general, orwhat is referred to as mangika in rembetika. In addition, each of thesemusical styles reflects a complex melding of social and ethnic factors.In rembetika, according to Ste ingress, it points to the conflictiverelation of Asia Minor Greeks and continental Greeks, as well as ofTurkish and Greek culture (1998: 162). By systematizing these social, cultural, and ethnic factors, Steingresshas developed what he refers to as an explanatory model that attemptsto assess the role of subcultural popular music with modern society. Heviews popular music styles as mass media supported artistic eventsthat transmit symbols and significance, values, habits and rules ofbehavior all of which figure into the production of social identities'(Ste ingress, 1998: 165). Tunis points out that for people outside the physical country,rembetika music takes on additional significance. Rebetika is onecultural form among many which continues to be re-created by migrantcommunities in their new homeland, he notes (Tunis, 1995: 99). Healso suggests that rembetika is no longer solely the domain of Greekculture, pointing out that due to the mobility of the community memberswho embrace it, rebetika is becoming a musical icon of passion forboth the Greek diaspora and wider multicultural community (Tsounis,1995: 99). Ultimately, Tunis concludes, the symbolic constructionsof passion and expression in rebetika are neither homogeneous normonolithic, but rather, are multi-layered and constantly undergoingnegotiation for articulation and dominance (1995: 99). Thus, in a sociological cultural framework, though rembetika stillexists, the rembetika we know today is a reflection of a marginalizedgroup or subculture that no longer truly exists. Alternatively, asHolst-Warhaft has suggested, the people who now listen to and exploitrembetika are not part of the group that the musical style is actuallya reflection of. The desire for a sense of nostalgia has been noted byHolst-Warhaft and Ste ingress, who discuss it as a need for order in achaotic society, as well as a longing for a connection to an idealizedpast. The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society, and this is true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstream of which they are a part. As demonstrated here, rembetikareflects the subculture of the people who shaped and developed it.Although it has become part of the modern culture not just of Greece,but also of the diaspora and, as Tunis has suggested, the widermulticultural world traditional rembetika is not truly a reflection oftodays society. 5. Concluding Remarks In Road to Rembetika, Gail Holst offers her favorite definition of rembetika, which she takes from the composer Rovertakis: Rembetikasongs were written by rebates for rebatesThe rebates was a manwho had a sorrow and threw it out (Holst, 1983: 14). This is anappealing definition, both for its pithiness and its cleverphraseology. It also implies that rembetika insofar as it is the workof the rebates is the work of the past. The rebates are gone;rembetika remains, but in an altered form. In her discussion of the revival of rembetika that began towards theend of the dictatorship, Holst suggest there was something in theswaggering individuality and the pain of rembetika, the contemptuousreferences to the police and the secret language of hash smokers, whichappealed to a population living in a military-police state (1983: 16). Thus, the revival, or re-emergence, of rembetika at this time seems alogical reaction, given the political atmosphere of the time. At thebeginning of the revival, however, the new practitioners of rembetikawere merely imitators of the traditional style: at first they weredeterminedly puristic and musicians rather solemnly imitated thenuances of vocal and instrumental style they had heard on records'(Holst, 1983: 3). This gradually changed, as time passed and these new young musicians found their voice. As Holst explains, the programmes now reflect abroad mixture of rembetika, both the original, early Smyrna stylesongs, the orientales of Tsitsanis, and fresher, newer songs thatreflect a variety of international musical styles (Holst, 1983: 3). Holst asserts that that the most important thing we have learnt about the rembetika is that they are still alive in whatever form they arepresented and however much the purists may claim they are dead (1983:3). She is quick to point out, however, that the songs of today have strayed a long way from their musical and social origins. They havesuffered a comparable period to the blues of rejection on moral andsocial grounds. They have been similarly modified to suit the tastes ofa broader audience and later revived in an artificially puristic style.Now that they are being performed in a variety of free and strict formswe begin to appreciate the best songs of early, middle, late orrevival-style rembetika for what they are good songs by any standards'(Holst, 1983: 4). Holst is not the only researcher who has commented on the similarity of the evolution of rembetika to that of the blues. Barrett, too, assertsthat rembetika were urban blues of a quasi-criminal subculture,despised by the middle classes and suppressed by the authorities (2005n.p.). Discussing the passionate dance scene in Zorba the Greek, Holst-Warhaftnotes that it is impossible to study the evolution of rembetika withoutconsidering the impact of this popular film. Barrett concurs; he alsomentions the movie Rembetiko, by Kosta Ferris, which is based on thelives of Marika Ninou and Vassilis Tsitsanis. Barrett notes that thefilm documents the rise and fall (and rise again) of rembetika music(2005, nap.) Although Holst-War haft suggests that films such as these may be overlyromantic and may distort the concept of what the rebates actually werelike. However, she does admit that their popularity may have somethingto do with why the rebetika songs have been so enthusiastically revivedsince the 1960s. It may also be what attracted foreign scholars to thegenre (Holst-War haft, 1998: 111). As we have seen here, rembetika is frequently compared to the music ofother subcultures, including tango, fade, flamenco, and blues. Likethese other types of music, rembetika songs are commercially successfuland quite popular today. However, as we have seen, these songs are notthe traditional songs of rembetika. As Holst-War haft points out,however much they are, or once were, the expression of a marginalizedgroup, they are listened to, exploited and analyzed by people who arenot part of that group (1998: 112). Thus, in a sociological cultural framework, though rembetika stillexists, the rembetika we know today is a reflection of a marginalizedgroup or subculture that no longer truly exists. Alternatively, asHolst-Warhaft has suggested, the people who now listen to and exploitrembetika are not part of the group that the musical style is actuallya reflection of. The desire for a sense of nostalgia has been noted byHolst-Warhaft and Ste ingress, who discuss it as a need for order in achaotic society, as well as a longing for a connection to an idealizedpast. The music of a society is said to be a reflection of that society, and this is true of sub-cultures of a society as well as it is of the mainstream of which they are a part. As demonstrated here, rembetikareflects the subculture of the people who shaped and developed it.Although it has become part of the modern culture not just of Greece,but also of the diaspora and, as Tunis has suggested, the widermulticultural world traditional rembetika is not truly a reflection oftodays society. Bibliography Barrett, M. Rembetika and Greek Popular Music. https://greecetravel.com/music/rembetika/ Accessed September 6, 2005. Brief History of Rembetika https://theory.rockefeller.edu/~giannak/reb.html Accessed September 6, 2005. Emery, Ed. 2000. Introduction to Songs of the Greek Underworld: The Rebetika Tradition. London: Saqi Books. Giannaris, G. 1972. Mikis Theodorakis: Music and Social Change. New York, NY: Praeger Publishers. Holst, G. 1983. Road to Rembetika: music of a Greek sub-culture songsof love, sorrow and hashish. 3rd ed. [1st ed. 1975] Athens: DeniseHarvey Company. Holst-War haft, G. 1998. Rebetika: The Double-descended Deep Songs of Greece. 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